HELLENISTIC

Hasmonaean / Greek Era

2nd Temple Period, Maccabeean, King Jonathon

332 - 63 B.C.E.

 

Chanukah

 

Catalogue # 2004, Item # 1:

Highly Decorated Painted with Long Spout

Not restored, Good condition.

6 cm W x 9.0 cm L x 2.5 cm H

 

Excavated in Samaria north of Jerusalem

 

Acquired Feb 2004 Jerusalem



EARLY ROMAN I

   Herodian / Early Roman I

2nd Temple Period, King Herod Agrippa I

63 B.C.E. - 70 C.E.

 

Jewish Revolt against the Romans

 

Catalogue # 12771, Item # 5:

Round Moulded Closed Bowl Type,

No design, no base, closed in spout with

Soot marks, details of wear, very thin walls, very fragile.

6.5 cm W x 8 cm L x 1.5 cm H

 

Excavated in Jerusalem

 

Acquired Nov. 1994 Jerusalem



.

HELLENISTIC

Hasmonaean / Greek

2nd Temple Period

The Greek Influence

Catalogue # 1150, Item # 6:

Closed Bowl, Heavy Walls with Deep Base,

Closed in long spout with soot marks,

Excellent condition.

5.5 cm round with 9 cm L spout,

3 cm round base x 0.5 cm H

Excavated in Jerusalem

Acquired Oct. 1997 Jerusalem



LATE ROMAN II

Symptoms of Decay

Thracia Caesari, Roman Province

70 - 324 C.E.

 

The Roman Influence

 

Catalogue # 2004-1, Item # 31:

Highly Ornate, Hero-Horseman 'Kybele' Goddess of Nature,

Red Clay with a Sculptured Arrow-Head Spout

Flat Rounded Base, good condition

5.5 cm W X 8 cm L, 

 

Excavated in Serdica (Sofia Outskirts)

 

Acquired Aug 2004 Sofia, Bulgaria



LATE ROMAN II

Symptoms of Decay

Thracia Caesari, Roman Province

70 - 324 C.E.

 

The Roman Influence

 

Catalogue # 2004-2, Item # 32:

Very Small Plain White Clay Lamp, Tiny Filling Hole, Restored

Large Wick Nozzle, Small Inched Handle

1.25 cm W X 6.5 cm L X 3.0 cm H 

 

Excavated in Serdica (Sofia Outskirts)

 

Acquired Aug 2004 Sofia, Bulgaria



BYZANTINE

Christian / Jewish Era

New Age of Islam

324 - 640 C.E.

 

Development of Rabbinical Sermonic Liturgy

 

Catalogue # 811, Item # 11:

Triangular Closed Moulded Type

Richly decorated with a Menorah design on the nozzle, a fine round base,

Grey coloured clay, Good condition.

6.5 cm W x 10 cm L x 3 cm H

 

Excavated on the Mount of Olives, East side of Jerusalem

 

Acquired Jan. 1998 Jerusalem



BYZANTINE

Christian / Jewish Era

324 - 640 C.E.

 

Development of Rabbinical Sermonic Liturgy

 

Catalogue # 4101, Item # 13:

Samaritan Type

Double Nozzle Rectangular Shaped, Heavy Carbon Deposits over Nozzles,

Decorated with Linear Designs, Rectangular Raised Base,

Probably a sealed plain filling-hole, Very fragile.

5.0 cm W x 9.5 cm L x 3.3 cm H

 

Excavated in Samaria, North of Jerusalem

 

Acquired June 1998, Jerusalem



APPENDICES

 

 

Glossary of Terms

 

Characteristics Chart

 

Excavation Schematic

 

Bibliography

GLOSSARY OF TERMS:

 

Absolute DatingAmorites AnatoliaAntiquityArchaeologyArtefactBronze AgeStone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age'.

 

Burnish Byzantine; CanaanitesChalcolithic ChronologyCulture- the way of life or sum total of the behaviour and beliefs shared by a particular group.

 

ExcavationGhassul; GhassulianIron Age period span, 1200-332 B.C.E.

 

Levant LithicMesopotamia MidrashMiddle East Near East - the region of the Eastern Mediterranean, usually Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Jordan.

 

NeolithicRelative Dating 

 

Sherds TalmudTel: TellTypology

Oil Lamp Dating Analysis

 

 

Introduction:

 

Pottery was invented more than 10,000 years ago and is one of the most common categories of finds on archaeological sites, because it was a relatively cheap, everyday commodity and is a material that preserves well in most conditions.  On most sites there are usually plenty of fragments (sherds) that can be spared for destructive analysis, which will be outlined below. 

 

The development of the bowl shaped pottery type oil lamp has been dated to the Chalcolithic Period, 4500-300 BCE. and was probably used for a drinking cup, serving bowl or storage vessel as well as a lamp. The style, size and shape continued to evolve with distinctive characteristics which have allowed the archaeologist to accurately date this artefact.

 

 

The Dating Methods:(Relative Dating).

 

The sources of clay used for ceramics may also be determined by assessing their chemical composition using atomic absorption spectrometry, electron probe microanalysis, neutron activation analysis or other scientific techniques. Details of the firing conditions of pottery, particularly temperature, can be established by a technique known as Mossbauer spectroscopy and by the various thermal analyses. By observing how much weight is lost when the pottery is reheated, the firing temperature can be determined.  The same information can be recovered by observing the temperature at which shrinkage of the pottery begins (Absolute Dating).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

                             

Bibliography

 

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Aharoni Y., 1968. BIBLE ATLAS, The Israel Map and Publishing Co.

 

Altshuler D., 1983. THE PRECIOUS LEGACY, Smithsonian Institute

 

Asheri M., 1983. LIVING JEWISH, Everest House

 

Babylonian Talmud - Various quotes as outlined

 

Ben-Tor A., 1992. ARCHAEOLOGY OF ANCIENT ISRAEL, The Open University of Israel

 

Berman Nancy M., 1996. THE ART OF HANUKKAH, Hough Lauter Levin Associates

 

Birnbaum P., 1991. ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF JEWISH CONCEPTS, Hebrew Publishing Company

 

Bohm L. Rabbi, 1990. HOLIDAY STUDY GUIDE,

 

Bridger D.,  1976. THE NEW JEWISH ENCYCLOPAEDIA, Behrman House

 

Browning I., 1980. PETRA, Chatto and Windus

 

Burland C., Nicholson I., Osborne H., 1970. MYTHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAS, Hamyln Press

 

Cohen/Mendes-Flohr, 1988. CONTEMPORARY JEWISH RELIGIOUS THOUGHTS, 1st Free Press

 

Cohn-Sherbok L., 1997. A HISTORY OF THE JEWISH CIVILIZATION, Chartwell Books

 

Compton's, 1994. ENCYCLOPAEDIA, CD Rom

 

Diamont M. I., 1962. JEWS, GOD AND THE HISTORY, Signet books

 

Djuric S., 1995.  ANCIENT LAMPS FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN,   

                            Eika/Bookselling/Publishing    

 

Durant A., Durant W., 1994. THE STORY OF CIVILIZATION, World Library inc.

 

Ebban A., 1978. HISTORY OF THE JEWS - MY PEOPLE, Behrman House

 

Fagan B. M., 1996. OXFORD COMPANION TO ARCHAEOLOGY, Oxford Press

 

Gilbert M., 1998. ISRAEL A HISTORY, Doubleday and Company

 

Goldin J., 1957. THE LIVING TALMUD, First Meridian Printing

Bibliography

 

Gottlieb F., 1996. THE LAMP OF GOD, First Jason Aronson Incorporated

 

Grant M., 1996. THE HISTORY OF ANCIENT ISRAEL, Weidenfeld and Nicholson

         

Hammond N., 1994. WONDERS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD, National Geographic

 

Hayes J. W., 1980. ANCIENT LAMPS IN THE ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM, ROM Pub.

 

Howard B.P. Dr., 1995. MUSEUM ARTIFACT REASERCH AND REPLICATION SERVICE

 

Ingpen R., Wilkinson P., 1990. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MYSTERIOUS PLACES, Prospero Books

 

Israeli Y., Avida U., 1988. OIL-LAMPS FROM ERETZ ISRAEL, The Israel Museum

 

Johnson P., 1987.  A HISTORY OF THE JEWS, Weidenfeld and Nicholson

 

Kamm A., 1999. THE ISRAELITES AN INTRODUCTION, Routledge

 

Keller W., 1982. THE BIBLE AS HISTORY, Bantam Books

 

Knobel P. S., 1983. GATES OF THE SEASON, Central Conference of American Rabbi

 

Korn I., 1996. A CELEBRATION OF JUDAISM IN ART, Todtre Productions Ltd.

 

Negev A., 1990. ARCHAEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE HOLY LAND, Prentice Hall

 

Mazar A., 1992. ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE LAND OF THE BIBLE, 10,000-586 BCE, Doubleday

 

McIntosh J., 1999. THE PRACTICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST, Checkmark Books 2nd Edition

 

Mishna, - Various quotes as outlined

 

Microsoft, 1994. ENCARTA ENCYCLOPEDIA, CD Rom

 

Microsoft, 1999. ENCARTA ENCYCLOPEDIA, CD Rom

 

Meyers E., 1997. OXFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE NEAR EAST,    

                             

Orlinsky H. M., 1960. ANCIENT ISRAEL, Cornell University Press

 

Playne Books, 1997. TIME CHART HISTORY OF THE WORLD, Third Millennium Press

 

Plaut G. W.,U.A.H.C. Publishing

 

Porter E., 1980. THE GREEK WORLD, E.P. Dutton Publishing

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Potok C., 1978. WANDERINGS, HISTORY OF THE JEWS, Ballantine Books

 

Ran N., 1987. JOURNEYS TO THE PROMISED LAND, Terra Sancta Arts

 

Rattey B. K., 1964. A SHORT HISTORY OF THE HEBREWS, Oxford Press

 

Runes D., 1959. DICTIONARY OF JUDAISM, Citadel Press

 

Roth C., 1996. ENCYCLOPEDIA JUDAICA, Keter Publishing

 

Ryan W., Pitman W., 1998. NOHA'S FLOOD, Simon and Schuster

 

Scheindlin R. P., 1996. THE CHRONICLES OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE, Michael Friedman Pub.

 

Stefoff R., 1997. FINDING THE LOST CITIES, Oxford Press

 

Sussman V., 1972. ORNAMENTED JEWISH OIL-LAMPS, Israel Inst. and Exploration Society

 

The Grolier, 1994. ENCYCLOPAEDIA, CD Rom

 

The TANAKH, 1985 THE HOLY SCRIPTURES, Jewish Publication Society

 

Uris L., 1998. JERUSALEM, Doubleday and Company

           

Von Soden W., 1994. THE ANCIENT ORIENT, William B.Eerdman Publishing